Writing News J. Rowling Revealed to Be the Author of Cuckoos Calling

As it was revealed the previous week, the true author of the detective novel Cuckoo’s Calling released back in April is not a Robert Galbraith, but the world-famous British novelist Joanne Rowling, the author of best-selling Harry Potter series. It is hard to say now why it has turned out like this: was this revelation an accident or a clever marketing move, or a result of misunderstanding between the author and the publishing house of LittleBrown Company. According to Joanne Rowling, to reveal her identity as the author of this book was certainly not her intention – at least, not so soon. To call it a marketing ploy would also be an overstatement – Rowling’s name has long ago turned into an advertisement enough for her books to be bought irrespectively of how they are delivered to the readers. One can only wonder why Ms. Rowling decided to publish her new novel under a pseudonym and why her identity has been revealed. The most likely explanation of this news is that she decided to see how her new book would sell without an advertisement of this kind. The result was rather pathetic: since its release the Cuckoo’s Calling has sold only about 500 copies in hardcover in the US. The publishing house was probably not very happy about this – and tried to get the information about the author to the public, which quickly changed the situation – after the news broke the book went to press four times and had as much as 390,000 copies in the United States, and the Cuckoo’s Calling is conspicuously displayed by all the book stores. Or it could all have been an accident or a direct decision of the author – the official version is that the source of the leak was Rowling’s London law firm. Ms. Rowling herself, however, states that she planned to write and publish more than one novel under the alias of Robert Galbraith and certainly wasn’t happy when her identity has been revealed so early. She will most likely go through with this plan – the next Galbraith’s novel is already finished and will probably be published next year. Joanne Rowling is famous for her Harry Potter series – a cycle of novels about the eponymous young wizard living in contemporary England which conceals behind its mundane faà §ade the world of magic, wonder and intrigue. It’s a peculiar combination of genres: school story, bildungsroman and fantasy – has made the book insanely popular both among children (to whom the series has been initially addressed) and grown-ups. Even now it remains one of the most best-selling books in contemporary Great Britain and a notable phenomenon of modern world literature.

Pride And Prejudice A Comedy Of Characters - 1387 Words

Pride and Prejudice: A Comedy of Characters In Jane Austen s novel Pride and Prejudice, a subtle layer of comedy exists that is especially noticeable when very different characters are juxtaposed. This method is used to deepen characterization and make clear the intended satire. The distinct differences between characters help to bring out Austen’s subtle satire because the negative qualities of certain characters are more blatant when surrounded by opposing positive qualities in another character. By comparing a fool like Lydia to a wit like Elizabeth, one who feels love like Darcy to one who feels lust like Wickham, and the unfeeling like Mr. and Mrs. Bennet to the feeling like Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner, Jane Austen employs the use of comedy to effect change in her heavily satirical novel. Lydia and Elizabeth, despite their sisterhood, are polar opposites in regards to social intelligence. Elizabeth is reserved in her demeanor and allows her wit to be her most obvious attribute, while Lydia is constantly chasing after men and saying whatever pops into her head without stopping to think if it is appropriate first. Early in the novel, Mr. Collins has dinner with the Bennet family and begins to read sermons. While Elizabeth and her other sisters politely sit and listen, Lydia interrupts Mr. Collins and offends him, prompting a scolding from her sisters. Lydia doesn t know how to behave like a proper young lady, while clearly Elizabeth does. When Elizabeth returns home fromShow MoreRelatedEssay on Pride and Prejudice Versus Marriage and Tolerance1314 Words   |  6 PagesIn Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice, Austen reveals a sparkling comedy of love and marriage, wit, form, and feeling that achieve some type of balance between pride and prejudice.nbsp; Mr. and Mr s. 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Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events Free Essays

string(55) " shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated\." Describe concept of faunal succession and use of fossils in correlation and in the subdivision of Earth history. -Principle of Faunal Succession: Strata of Eke age can be recognized by the fossils they contain even if the outcrops of strata are separated by large distances geographically, this only works because species have evolved through time C] older forms of life die out and new forms develop -using the appearance and disappearance of fossils to subdivide geological time Is the science of physiotherapy D. Recognize the qualities that make fossils useful in physiotherapy. We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Physiotherapy: each fossil species is said to have a range through geological time 0 it exists in the geological record from the point that it evolves to the point that it becomes extinct E. Identify important historical figures in the development of stereography and physiotherapy. Archbishop of Armada, James Usher (1581-1665) calculated the Earth to be 6000 years old by adding up all the dates mentioned in the Bible and arrived at a date of October 22, 4004 BC as the creation of planet Earth (hard to accept by many people) -Late asses and asses scientists started to conclude that the Earth Is ancient and had undergone much change throughout Its history. This George Xavier (1769-1832) examined the remains of mammoths in Europe concluding they were a once living species that had become extinct F. Appreciate the scale of changes that can occur over geological time scales. – Geological time scale – to represent the changing character of the Earth through time, fossils were used to correlate between different regions and characterize particular periods of Earth’s history -Today we have a time scale that divides and bedsides Earth’s 4. 6 billion years into various time periods G. List some of the major subdivisions/ ages of the geological time scale and appreciate the relative scale between the Phonetics and the Precambrian. This is due to an extraordinary proliferation of fossils at the base of the Phonetics in a period called the Cambrian. -Most creatures with hard parts like shells, teeth, and internal skeletons evolved here as they fossil much more readily than soft-bodied creatures -In addition to an increasing biodiversity as new species evolved, many of the new â€Å"hard part creatures† would more readily form fossils. H. Understand how extinction events are linked to the structure of the geological time call. Eras are broad subdivisions that are particularly significant as they represent a grouping of geological periods. They represent times when there has been a major change in the Earth’s biosphere. -The base of the Phonetics is defined by the emergence of creatures with hard parts. -The base of the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic is based on the emergence of new species following a mass extinction at the top of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic respectively. -The base of all periods is defin ed on the emergence of radiation of new species l. List some of the major developments in the history of life on Earth. ) At least 30% of Earth’s species must be lost 2) It must be across a broad range of geologies, not restricted to any one niche. 3) It must have short/sudden duration (around 1 million years maximum) K. List the â€Å"Big Five† mass extinction events and their order through time. 1) Cretaceous / Polygene (Tertiary) (K/Peg), 65 Ma 2) Late -errant’s, 205 Ma 3) Perm / Triassic, 251 Ma 4) Late Devotion, 360-375 Ma 5. Late Ordination, 440-450 Ma L. Distinguish between broad extinction-producing phenomena. ) Biological causes: Organisms being brought together that once lived in isolation can cause mass extinctions (ex. Many of the New Zealand ground dwelling bird fauna were devastated when human hunters and then later European mammals (cats, rats, dogs) were introduced) -The three main modes of biologically induced extinctions: a. Competition between creatures occupying the same ecological niche b. (E xcessive) Predation: Predators do not have to do the whole Job, Just drive a population to a low enough level then â€Å"random extinction† can complete the extinction. The idea behind a random extinction is that, although the number of individuals in a species may grow and the species may spread over a wide area, thing ensures the permanent survival of a species. C. Pathogens: disease being introduced to an area by incoming plants or animals 2) Earth-based causes: Extinctions influenced by Earth-based tectonic processes may be caused by changes in continental configuration or changes in atmospheric composition a. Changes in continental configuration: changes in the distribution of continents can have a profound effect. Two major effects of continental configurations: -Changes in climate, ocean cyclist, sea level. Weather patterns and the movement of the oceans are directly linked to the distribution of continents. The Late Ordination extinction -The greater the landmass the lower the diversity. At the moment we have a relatively high biodiversity. This is in part due to the number of continents that are in effect isolated from one another. In times when there is a high degree of continental fragmentation, evolution can proceed in isolation to produce many different species on different landmasses. If plate tectonics cause the formation of a large interconnected land mass there will be more competition between species and lower biodiversity. 0 The Perm/ Triassic Extinction b. Changes in the atmosphere: volcanic activity can also have severe effects. Gases such as carbon dioxide can cause greenhouse warming and aerosols may cause climatic cooling. These can significantly affect the health of the biota c. Extraterrestrial impacts d. Combination of many factors: it is very unlikely that any one factor would be responsible for a global crisis in the biosphere. M. Describe the late Ordination and Perm-Triassic extinction. -Late Ordination: Australia, moves towards the South Pole during the late Ordination causing a severe ice age. As water was locked up in the form of glaciers at the Southern Pole, sea level fell. This may have had a severe effect on creatures that live in the shallow water, lose to the continental margins. As the sea retreated off the continental shelf and into the ocean basis shallow marine ecosystems would have been devastated. You read "Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events" in category "Papers" The Perm / Triassic Extinction (the WORST day for the Biosphere, 251 Ma): At the end of the Permian, plate tectonics had brought all the continents together to form the super continent of Pangaea -Between 95-98% of all species would go into extinction -It hit both ocean- and land-based ecosystems and was less than 1 million years in duration -Many of the common Paleozoic marine creatures would suffer badly through this e xtinction including trilobites, barbershops, and crinoids. On land, large amphibians and mammal-like reptiles would be badly effected. -Potential causes of the Perm / Triassic extinction (involves a number of events happening at the same time): 1) Continental configuration: drop in biodiversity. The greater the landmass the greater the competition between species. At the end of the Permian, the superscription of Pangaea or â€Å"all lands† would have brought many species into direct competition. 2) Sea level fall: less ocean ridge activity. Sea floor spreading slowed its pace during the Permian, resulting that the oceanic ridges were smaller in size and displaced less water. Consequently oceans retreated from shallow areas into the deeper basin causing problems for creatures that lived in any remaining shallow marine environments. 3) Oceanic stagnation: The close of the formation of Pangaea saw the end of an ice age. Cold polar waters probably disappeared and ocean circulation slowed or stopped. This would have reduced ventilation of deep ocean waters killing off many deeper marine species. In addition occasional overturn of stagnant water could have brought oxygen poor waters to shallower marine communities as well. 4) Climate change: Due to the formation of a large landmass, limited would have been much drier and subject to drought. 5) Siberian Traps: massive volcanic activity in Russia: Around 2-3 million kamala basaltic lava were produced within a million years. Carbon dioxide from the volcanic activity and methane caused by melting of gas hydrates would have resulted in greenhouse warming of the planet. In addition, gas emission from volcanoes would have also produced acid rain effects. 6) Possible impacts: Although still very controversial, it is possible that the Earth suffered impacts from space during this time as well. N. Describe the character of extinctions at the K/Peg boundary. Just as the end of the Permian extinction marked the beginning of a new grouping of periods (the Mesozoic) the end of the Cretaceous extinction is likewise so distinct that it marks the beginning of the latest grouping of periods, the Cenozoic. Characteristics: 1) Over 50% of all species on the planet would go into extinction during the k/Peg extinction event 2) One land, few creatures over 25 keg in weight would survive 3) In general, the extinction was even more severe in the oceans with around 80-90% of marine species including the ammonites and marine reptiles going into extinction -A ether and son scientific team, Louis and Walter Olivarez brought the K/Peg extinction crosses the K/Peg boundary in Gobi, Italy. The I-CM clay layer lies directly on top of the latest Cretaceous rocks and was found to be enriched in the element iridium (very rare at the Earth’s surface and yet in this layer was enriched over xx above background 0 has now been recorded in many other sections around the world that straddle the Cretaceous. Polygene boundary) -Iridium is known to exist in higher concentrations in extra-terrestrial objects such as asteroids. Olivarez suggested that he clay layer enriched in iridium has been produced by a meteor or comet over 10 km in diameter impacting the Earth. He suggested further that this impact may have also been responsible for the extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. O. Discuss the evidence used to support the K/Peg impact. 1) Fern spores vs.. Pollen: Ferns are often the first plants to colonize a landscape that has been devastated by fire. In the earliest Polygene (part of what was formerly called the Tertiary), many areas show an increase in fern spores relative to pollen. This suggests that global forest fires may have raged at the end of the Cretaceous paving a landscape open for ferns to spread. This is further supported by high concentrations of soot found around the K/Peg boundary. 2) Tektites: they are thought to be produced during an impact event and they are composed of natural gas. During impact, rock is melted and ejected form the crater. As it travels through the air and cools, it forms characteristic aerodynamic shapes. Many tektites are found at the K/Peg boundary in many different locations, suggesting a massive impact event. 3) Shocked quartz: In many sections around the K/Peg boundary, fragments of the mineral quartz show evidence of multiple fractures. These fractures are thought to be produced when rock is shattered during a high-energy impact. The fragments are called shocked quartz. 4) Tsunami deposits: Tsunami waves leave characteristic sedimentary deposits on inundated shores and as far inland as the waves reach. This feature was found in Mexico, Texas, New Jersey, and the Carolinas suggesting the passage of an enormous wave, far larger than could have been produced by standard tectonic processes. Such a wave could have been generated if an impact had occurred in the ocean. P. Describe the location and probable nature of the K/Peg impact. The distribution of tektites, iridium, shocked quartz, and other potential impact related features was pointing towards a possible centre of activity in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. An oil company had drilled wells in the area and encountered unusual fractures and even melted rock suggesting the area had been subjected to some form of extreme stress. The presence of a crater was finally confirmed when geophysical data revealed a large circular disturbance over km in diameter, the Clubbing Impact Crater -The object responsible for this crater had a shallow angle of entry around 0-30 degrees and is estimated to have been at least 10 km across. -As an analogy, you can think of something the size of Mount Everest hitting the surface of the planet. The energy released by the impact was equivalent to 6. Axes tons of TNT. An estimated 100 kamala of rock was vaporized and released to the atmosphere. Material that wasn’t instantly vaporized was thrown out of the crater (the ejects) and Q. Describe the initial and long-term effects of the impact and their environmental consequences. 1) Initial effects (seconds to days) of the impact in the area of the Yucatan Peninsula were significant a. Everything close by would have been vaporized b. The intense heat form the blast and the hot debris (including tektites) would have started massive forest fires as suggested by the fern and pollen data c. As the impact occurred partly in the ocean, a massive tsunami would have been generated 2) Longer-term effects (months to decades) of the impact were numerous. Two significant effects were on global temperature and on atmospheric composition. A. Global temperature changes -Dust thrown into the atmosphere would have shut off sunlight for weeks or perhaps months generating a period of cold (a â€Å"Cold House†, lasting weeks to months. The lack of sunlight would also have had severe consequences for plants and photosynthetic algae. -After the dust had settled, water vapor would have remained in the atmosphere acting as a blanket, preventing heat from escaping the Earth. This would have created a greenhouse effect and caused a rise in global temperature. Eventually the excess water vapor would be removed by rainfall. However, the temperature of the Earth would continue to rise due to the release of greenhouse gases during impact (a â€Å"Hot House†), lasting years to decades. In particular, carbon dioxide would have been liberated when large quantities of limestone (calcium carbonate, Cacao) would have vaporized during the impact . -The Mesozoic had in general been a warm equable environment. These swings in temperature would have laced a lot of stress on creatures more used to stable climatic conditions. . Acid Rain -High-energy blasts can cause oxygen to combine with nitrogen to form oxides of nitrogen. When these are dissolved in water (ex. Rainfall), it becomes nitric acid. -In addition to the vaporization of limestone as described in (a) above, rocks called evaporates were also vaporized in the blast. Evaporates form when salts precipitate out of solution as the sun evaporates a body of water. This can occur on a vast scale, for example in the Mediterranean Sea, which is closed off at the Strait of Gibraltar. With virtually no input of water from the Atlantic Ocean, high rates of evaporation resulted in the Sea being converted into a vast sultan. This process had also occurred in the Yucatan area. The effect of high-energy blasts on sulfate-rich evaporates is the release of large amounts of sulfur gases. These gases, when dissolved in rainwater, fall to Earth as sulfuric acid. Although the acidity of the nitric- and sulfuric- containing rain was weak and could probably not affect any large animals directly, they would have been affected the acidity of soil and surface ocean. This would have had a devastating effect on plant life and plankton. Thus, the effects from acid rain on the organisms that form the base of the food chain or food web had serious repercussions for all the creatures at higher atrophic levels. R. Consider other potential causes of the K/Peg environmental consequences. -Some scientists remain convinced that another impact at the K/Peg boundary (perhaps not loud have been significantly larger than the Clubbing impact, but impacts would NOT have been the only cause. Some factors may be: -During the late Cretaceous, the superscription of Pangaea was starting to fragment. This would have caused changes in oceanic circulation and climate. -Even more significantly, global climate would have been affected by an increase in volcanic activity, in particular, during the formation of the Decca Traps in India, which were highly active at this time. Like the Siberian Traps that occurred at the end of the Permian, this activity would have reduced vast quantities of gases that could have seriously affected the Earth’s climate. S. Describe the type and location of potential impostors and rate of meteor influx. 1) Comets are essentially material left over from the formation of the Solar System and are composed of icy material and other debris – effectively â€Å"dirty snowballs† in space. As comets travel towards the Sun, the ices vaporize producing the comet’s tail. -Two examples of comets are comet Halley, which comes into view of the Earth every 74-79 years, and comet Hale-Bop that was last seen in the night sky in 1997 and will turn in 2380 years. An annual event is the Leonie Meteor Shower, which is visible in Canadian skies in November. This rain of â€Å"shooting stars† is produced as the Earth passes through the debris left behind by comet Temple-Tuttle as it orbits around the sun -There are two comet â€Å"stores† in the Solar System: a) The Keeper belt exists in an area from about the orbit of Neptune to about 50 auk’s out (1 AU = 150 million km) -May conta in 1 billion (1 x IOWA) comets that are greater than km in diameter. ) The Root cloud is a cloud of comets that exists way beyond the Keeper belt and is only Oakley associated with our sun -May have more than 200 comets with a diameter greater than 500 km with many smaller but still significant in size -It is interesting to note that comets may have been responsible for bringing much of the water and perhaps some of the organic compounds that would lead to the development of life of Earth 2) Asteroids are mostly found in a belt between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter. It is speculated that they may represent the material that might have formed another planet early in the history of the Solar System if it were not for the gravitational effects of Jupiter. Some asteroids are solid, rocky to metallic while others are little more than â€Å"rubble piles† in space. Collisions between asteroids could potentially cause them to be redirected into Earth-crossing orbits. Of those so far mapped, a few are over km in diameter, about 1000 have diameters greater than 30 km and 1 million (alexia) with diameters over 1 km T. List some of the major impact features preserved on the Earth’s surface and explain why impact craters appear to be rare on Earth. -Around 100 billion (IXIA 1) objects enter our atmosphere every rush 0 most of these are burned out at a distance of km above the Earth’s surface. These objects are commonly traveling around 11-km/ second. At such speeds, the atmosphere acts like a brick wall. If an object enters at a shallow angle, it may skip like a stone being skipped across a pond and fly back out to space -Early in Earth’s history, our planet probably suffered on our planetary neighbors’ like Mercury. The evidence of this early bombardment is missing on Earth due to processes of erosion and active plate tectonics. -Until recently (sass’s) the possibility of impact on Earth’s surface was regarded as improbable. -Craters such as Meteor Crater in Arizona and even the craters on the non were held by some to represent extinct volcanoes and not impact craters at all. U. Describe some of the features and processes of crater formation. Gene Shoemaker was to change this view by studying features such as the material thrown out of a crater (ejects), shocked quartz, and chemical anomalies, which demonstrated extra-terrestrial origins for these features. -With the aid of satellite imagery, we are now beginning to identify more craters on the surface of our planet. V. Provide examples of Canadian Impact Craters. -Manicuring impact crater (Northern Quebec) – formed about 214 Ma in the Late Triassic. It is km in diameter but was probably as wide as km before glacial erosion stripped away the upper levels. This impact even is thought to be associated with 4 others including Saint Martin Crater (Manitoba) – 40 km in diameter and Architecture Crater (France) – 25 km in diameter. -When the continents are reassembled into their locations during the late Triassic all these craters line up along 22. 8 degrees North latitude over a distance of 462 km. -It is thought that this almost improbable alignment may actually represent a fragmented body that generated several impacts. It is interesting to note that although the effects of this impact would have been severe, it is not associated with a major mass extinction event W. Describe the hypothesis proposed by Rap and Sheepskin. -They analyzed the number of mass extinctions during the Phonetics and concluded that every 25 million years there was severe stress on the biosphere, sometimes associated with a mass extinction event -There is no known terrestrial geological process that could cause this fr equency of problems for the biosphere. So it was suggested that an extraterrestrial source may be to blame 0 comets in the Root cloud were cited as being the most likely culprit -Rap and Sheepskin’s hypothesis suggests that every 25-26 million years, something shifts the Root cloud, which causes some comets to fall in towards the Sun and a possible impact with the Earth 0 for this to work, we need to identify a gravity source that can cause disturbances in the cloud on a regular 25 million year basis: 1) Nemesis – Companion Star: This hypothesis proposes that our Sun has a companion star way beyond the outer limits of our Solar System whose orbit brings it close to the Root cloud every 25 million years. The gravitational effects of this close pass could cause comets to fall into the inner Solar System. If this body was a red dwarf star or even a black hole, it might be difficult to detect, but even though powerful telescopes such as Hubble have the Nemesis hypothesis, this has an astronomical body (Planet X) that causes shifts in the Root cloud as it orbits around the Sun. In this case, the body y is a planet lying within the bounds of the Root cloud but outside the Keeper belt. Again, no evidence of such a planet has been found. 3) Movement Through the Galactic Plane: In the same way that our planet orbits the Sun, so our Solar System orbits around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies are not Just flat pancakes of stars, they also have â€Å"thickness† -In addition to traveling around our galaxy, our Solar System is also moving up and down through it, Every 25-26 million years we pass through the densest part of the galaxy, which contains a higher number of stars and also the most gravitational effects. It is proposed that it is this movement through the dense part of the galactic plane that is responsible for the shifts in the Root cloud and thereby a potential impact related biosphere crisis every 25 million years or so. X. List and describe some recent impacts and â€Å"near misses†. ) Tunas, Siberia None 30, 1908): A large explosion about km above the surface attributed to an extraterrestrial object breaking up I the atmosphere (which is why no crater was found). Fortunately, the area was not populated but people and horses km away were knocked off their feet. The shock wave from the blast traveled around the Earth twice. -In Scotland and Sweden, a light appeared in the sky so bright that you could read books at am without the aid of artificial light. It has been suggested that this might have been a fragment of comet Neck, which was passing close by the Earth at hat time -Over 80 million trees were knocked over covering an area about kamala (compare the area of the Tunas devastation to that of the area occupied by Washington, D. C. ) 2) Asteroid near misses: 1989, 1996, 2009, 2011 -March 22, 1989: A mm asteroid misses Earth by 6 hours. How to cite Impacts from Space and Mass Extinction Events, Papers

American Romanticism Essay Example For Students

American Romanticism Essay ROMANTICISMIn the nineteenth century, the foundation of American literature had a profound change. This was called from Reason to Romance or Romanticism. With many contributions of famous writers such as Irving, Cooper, Bryant, and Poe composed the stories and poems which all of them had a great value in the American literature. What is the Romanticism and how dies it effect to the American literature? By taking some compositions from these writers, there will be good answers for those questions. According to some information in English books, the critics said the name Romantic can be misleading because the Romantics do not necessarily write about the love. The Romanticism can be viewed as an artistic movement, or state of mind, or both. This movement seemed to be reaction against the dominant attitudes and approaches of the eighteenth century. Unlike the eighteenth century, writers who interest in reaction, logic, and scientific observation, the Romantics stressed the examination of inner feelings, emotions and the use of imagination. This seemed to be the first element in Romanticism. It appeals to emotion rather than reason. Also, the Romanticism explores the mysteries of nature and supernatural. It reflects interesting in nature because the Romantics describe their story and poem about America wilderness or countryside or they depicted nature. This element that the reader can recognize clearly in the compositions of these writers above. The third element that the Romantic s interest in unusual or ordinary. Furthermore, Romantics had a strong belief in democracy, a deep awareness in the past. Some writers explore the mysteries of nature, the inner self and the relationship between the nature and human imagination. Also it delved into a history of young nation or tradition of the United States.This element will explain the spirit of Nationalism. Using these elements discussed above, this essay will parallel with two representative compositions of Washington Irving, The Devil and Tom Walker, and The Raven poem of Edgar Allan Poe, these will be proved clearly for this thesis. First, the representative Romantic who become the first writer American literature to achieve international reputation, as Washington Irving. He was born in a wealthy New York family. He spent much time traveling in European and reading almost European literature, he wrote the folk tale as The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and The Devil and Tom Walker. In The Devil and Tom Walker Irving c reated this famous folktale by reshaping a German folktale that implicates the stereotype of a person who selling his soul to devil. Irving makes the tale distinctly American by setting it in New England during late 1720s- a time that the Puritanism, especially the belief that a person life should be devoted to God, was being replaced by commercialism and the desire for personal gain. The Devil tells him about a great treasure of Kidd the pirate.Tom tells to his wife, and she tries to get the treasure by she dies because of her greed. Tom gets the treasure by selling his soul to the devil but in the end, the devil comes for his soul and takes him away. The story relates to the nature because Irving put the scenes of the swamp. He describes the swamp like a horrible and mystery place. The story also describes the feelings of each character dramatically. Especially, the feeling of greed that states clearly in main character Tom Walker. When he knows his wife doesnt return, he just wor ries about the value that his wife brought with her. The story shows an interest in the unusual such as Irving describes the death of Toms wife. Her hair, lung and her apron were hung on the tree. This folk tale story is also an important lesson that teaches people-dont be greedy. .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .postImageUrl , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:hover , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:visited , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:active { border:0!important; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:active , .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7cf9f7b92e79fdc99002b7cf2f03e63c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Who Is Responsible For Cleanup Under CERCLA? Essay Therefore, Irving succeeded in creating folktale story that is Romantic. How about the poems? Talking about the poems, the reader can recognize the poems of Edgar Allan Poe are romantic. He was born in 1809 and during his life; he lived in deep of sorrow and disappointment. The Raven is one of his poems that decides his soul clearly, and explains why he thought the significant of his life, has died. He tried to read the book to forget the sadness, and thought that she was still here. The mysterious bird he calls the Raven wakes his mind up and he realizes that his wife is truly gone. Analyzing Poes poem, the reader will see how he put all elements of Romanticism in the poem The Raven. The first thing that it relates to the nature. He describes the scene of the poem, which was in the break of December. The darkness and quiet are around his house with the cold of winter. The Raven, a black bird came suddenly with the mystery. The other element that can be in his poem is unusual of the raven. The Raven used to talk and repeat just one word Nevermore, but because of that word, it helped Poe recognizes the death of his special wife. Poe describes his soul through the poem with the deep of sorrow and sadness. This can be proved for the first element of Romanticism that appealed to emotion rather than reason. Generally, with two examples above that proves and explains Romanticism. Also with the composition of those writers who helped to American literary heritage, this change can explain the differences between the writer of the eighteenth century and the writer of nineteenth century. In my opinion, Romantic stories or poems help people realize their feelings and face the problems in daily life. Good stories teach lessons help people to become better.

The Steam Engine Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Steam Engine Persuasive Essay Category:HistoryPaper Title:The Steam EngineText:In the never-ending search for energy sources, the invention of the steamengine changed the face of the earth. (Siegel, Preface) The steam engine wasthe principal power source during the British Industrial Revolution in the 18thcentury. The steam engine opened a whole new world to everyone. The steam enginemaximized production, efficiency, reliability, minimized time, the amount oflabor, and the usage of animals. The steam engine in all revolutionized theEastern Hemisphere, mainly European society. What does revolutionize actuallymean? It means that something such as the steam engine brought about a radicalchange in something, and this something is the European Society. The steamengine specifically brought about a radical change in work, transportation ofgoods, and travel. The invention of the steam engine revolutionized Europeansociety by enabling tasks to be done quicker, cheaper, and more dependably. We will write a custom essay on The Steam Engine Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The steam engine use throughout the several professions revolutionizednumerous aspects of Western European Society. The first important use of thesteam engine came in 1776. The steam engine was used to show the Cornish minershow successful it could be in removing the water from the mineshafts. Thisproved to be of great importance to the Cornish, because one of their biggestproblems was the flooding of the mining shafts. (The Penetration of the Industryby Steam Power) The mine owners worriedthat the mines would have to beshut down unless water could be pumped out of the shafts. The enginesuccessfully raised water from the bottom of deep mines. (Siegel, 17) Thissaved the shutting down of the mines, which were essential to further theeconomy. Not only did the steam engine save the mines, it provided a method ofmining that proved to be extremely quicker than the traditional techniques. Oneof the biggest incomes for the British was found in their textile industry. Inthe textile industry, the domestic system presented many problems for merchants. They had difficulty regulating standards of workmanship and maintainingschedules for completing work. Workers sometimes sold some of the yarn or clothin their own profit. As the demand in cloth increased, merchants often had tocompete with one another for the limited amount of workers available inmanufacturing, which increased merchants costs. As a result, merchants turnedincreasingly to machinery, which was powered by the steam engine, for greaterproduction and also turned to factories for central control over their workers. (Johnson, 30) The steam engine proved to be a reliable investment for merchantsof the textile industries not only because it wasnt accident prone likehumans and increased production by unimaginable amounts, but it also moved thecompany into a factory, which helped to urbanize life to the way we live ittoday. The steam engine was also used on the farm for several purposes. It wasused extensively for deep plowing, cultivating, mole draining and groundclearing. Great advances were also made in agriculture with the enginesenabling greater acreage to come under the plough and production increased bythe use of machines to do tasks formerly done by hand or by horses. (Johnson,39) These steam engines allowed farmers to grow crops in abundance with minimalmanual labor, which was an increase in quantity and quality productions since amachine and not a human was doing the work. Another great contribution of thesteam engine was made in the iron/coal industries. Since iron was starting to beprodu ced so rapidly, more coal was needed to keep the steam engines running. Since the coal mining industry had to keep up, steam power was used for themining of coal, which proved to be much faster than customary methods. Becausethe steam engine was used to mine coal, and because England had largedeposits of coal to fuel the new steam engines, it enabled people to use moremachines and to build larger factories. (Industrial Revolution. EarthExplorer). More machines and factories using the steam engine meant moreproduction, more reliability, and cheaper prices. The steel industry was alsorevolutionized through the use of the steam engine. Steel, smelted from iron,was beaten, rolled or shaped on steam-powered machines. This steel became verycheap, and was able to be used for the railroad tracks, and also used later onin construction. (Gordon). Without the steal to be shaped so fast by the steamengines, countries couldnt have expanded its trade and travel the way it did. .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 , .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .postImageUrl , .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 , .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:hover , .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:visited , .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:active { border:0!important; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:active , .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4 .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7959bfe1045971fa22bfcb130850a0a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Review of Caterpillars Code of Ethics EssayIt is also said that, The water works and, in many cases, the canals couldnot exist without steam-power, for their very existence depended upon theregular raising of large quantities of water to high levels. Steam was the onlypower that made this possible. (The Penetration of the Industry by steampower) Without the steam engine, these factories, mills, agricultural advances,and other industries could not have been revolutionized in the way they were. The steam engine used in means of travel revolutionized the transportation ofgoods, as well as the importing and exporting of them. The steam-poweredrailroad changed geography and history. When grain merchants transported theirgoods by horsepower, they could go only so far before the horse consumed morethan it could carry. (Gordon) In this aspect, the steam engine in railroadsallowed people to import and export their goods on a faster, more reliable,source. Another major effect of the steam engine on society was the increasedcommunication between different areas and countries relating to prices. Beforethe steam engine in the railroad, prices of products varied dramatically fromarea to area. Prices were lower in the area that produced a certain good andhigher in an area that had to import it. Now for the first time prices seemed tobe relatively equal due to the steam engine in the railroads. (Johnson, 35) Theindustry that the steam engine developed depended on transport of raw materia ls. The steam engine in ships carried these raw materials as well as finishedproducts through waterways, for long distances. Goods could be transported bywater at a speed of 20 miles per hour, which is a lot faster and economical thanother methods. Because of the steam engine, countries could now import andexport with other countries at a faster pace than the wooden ships. RoadLocomotives were fitted to carry out relatively long and fast journeys, haulingbig loads on the hard road surfaces. This was an alternative to transportingproducts through railways, because there was a lack of the choice of routes. (Wise, 56) The steam engine used in these Road Locomotives, provided yetanother means of transporting goods from one place to another quickly anddirectly which was important in transporting. Road locomotives were extremelyefficient because if someone didnt have much money, than they could transporttheir goods via this transportation method. The coming of the lighter steamwagons revolutionized local delivery work, horses being brought within areasonable days journey of the market. Jobs, such as timber hauling,previously carried out by teams of horses and dozens of men could be done by twoengines and half a dozen men. (Johnson, 41) Steam engines used in the steamwagons brought about yet another technique to transport goods quickly,proficiently and in some cases cheaper, than the usual transporting of goodsthrough horses. Not only did the steam engine lead into the use of the means oftraveling, for the purpose of importing, local deliveries, and transports ofmaterials, but it made those three things quicker and cheaper. Transportation, which is a necessity for everyone today, was revolutionizedbecause of the steam engine. The steam engine allowed people to travel from oneplace, to another, and start a new life, but also return to their old dwellingto perhaps visit family, to do business, or to do whatever that may be needed. It wasnt until the early 1800s that one of the greatest inventions causedby the steam engine was invented, the railroad. Since several entrepreneurs sawthat the potential of this was enormous, many entrepreneurial companies wereformed to build railroads. The railroad caused an economic boom for manycountries. The country that was the most effected by this was Germany. When theystarted the development of the railroads, they made over 2000 miles ofconnecting tracks to every part of the country. These railroads caused Belgium,Germany, and France to become the most industrialized Continental powers duringthe mid-nineteenth century. (Johnson, 33-34) The steam engine allowed the peopleto travel to almost any destination safely, and at an extremely fast pace. Thesteam engine used in railways was like a magic carpet fulfilling peopleshopes for a different future. They felt free to move from place to place. Manyended their rural isolation and relocated in urban centers (Siegel, 41) Thesteam e ngine was used in Britain for the first type of cars, and was used forother road paving machines. If the first car was not powered by a steam engine,there is slim to none chance that people would have had an interest in thesecars and started to experiment with them. And because of that, we would not havethe same extraordinary means of car transportation as we do today. For the roadpaving machines, the steam engine was used to power heavy lorries, road rollers,and traction engines. Steam engines used in road rollers were used for improvingour roads for the 18th century and onward. It is to the credit of the rollersthat formed the base to most of our roads that their work is still standing upto traffic which the designers of that time could not possibly have foreseen. .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 , .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .postImageUrl , .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 , .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:hover , .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:visited , .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:active { border:0!important; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:active , .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8 .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6c89055c6a85c3f4de1a7393b952efc8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Minds Open When Hearts Are Open Essay(Johnson, 26-27) Though steam engines used in road rollers to pave roads may notbe revolutionary to the mind at first, when thought about, one can see how it isrevolutionary. Without the roads to be paved, the cars would travel on thegravel, which was very uncomfortable and makes the travel incredibly slow. Thesteam ship was another alternative to the many steam operated means oftransportation. Since you couldnt travel across Asia by railroads yet, andthere were no paved roads to take a steam-powered car to your destination, steamships allowed a quick travel through the seas, rivers, lakes, or canals toarrive at long distance destinatio ns. Because of the steam engine in thesteamships, people could travel long distances like from Britain across theAtlantic in under three weeks, where as before it took over 2 months and wasunsafe, and unreliable. Now it is safe, reliable, and quick. (Sproule, 54) Thanksto steam power, distance and time had lost their old links with wind, terrain,and hurrying horses hooves. To the dizzied onlookers, it must have seemedthat the world was shrinking as they watched (Sproule, 56)The industrial revolution that started in about 1770 in Englandrevolutionized several aspects of life, as we know today. The reason to most ofthis revolutionized life can be credited to the steam engine. The steam enginewas, and still is vital to the world today. What the steam engine did to theworld is something everyone should know and care about. The steam engine changedthe map of the world; it also changed the map of every country where it heldsway. The towns with these steam powered factories, just grewand g rewandgrew. Power sources no longer had to be by a river. Because of the steam engine,cities changed from centers of trade to production centers, industrializingeverywhere this steam fever went. The steam engine allowed a wave of newmachines to come into use, which gave way to tons of jobs. These jobs were abasis for the jobs we all have today. Animals no longer had to do so much work. The steam engine replaced all the animals jobs in traveling and intransportation of goods. In all, the steam engine was a key that unlocked thedoors to the infinite amount of paths that have been walked through to reach totodays society. The steam engine, says Author H.W. Dickinson, wasnever so important in the worlds economy as it is today. BIBLIOGRAPHYAuthor Unknown. Industrial Revolution. Earth Explorer. 2-1-1995. Online. Electric Library. 11-24-99. Gordon, John S. What has Watt Wrought? Forbes Magazine. 7-7-1997:pp144. Online. Electric Library. 11-24-99. Johnson, Brian. Steam Traction Engines, Wagons and Rollers. London: BlandfordPress, 1971. Lord, John. The Penetration of Industry by Steam-Power. 12-2-1996. Online. Available: http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/lord/8.htm. 11-24-99. Siegel, Beatrice. Inventions that Changed our Lives: The Steam Engine. NewYork: Walker Publishing Company, 1986. Sproule, Anna. James Watt. Great Britain: Exley Publications Ltd., 1992. Wise, David B. Steam on the Road. London: Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd.,1973. History

Solvent and Double Bond Essays

Solvent and Double Bond Essays Solvent and Double Bond Paper Solvent and Double Bond Paper Theory and mechanism Epoxidation is a reaction of an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid (also called peracid) to produce an epoxide product, generally performed in inert solvents, such as dichloromethane. The epoxide product is a cyclic ether in which the ring contains three atoms. The alkene gains an oxygen from the peracid in a syn fashion. In this experiment, R-(-)-carvone is reacting with MCPBA, a peracid, to produce the epoxide product. Balanced equation: C10H14O + C7H5ClO3 gt; C10H14O2 + C7H5ClO2 Since the rate of reaction depends on the electronic density of the double bond, and R-(-)-carvone has two double bonds, the reaction is regioselective. The more electron-riched double bond will react faster. Mechanism: Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant and reacts readily with double bonds. In this experiment it is used to visually identify the production in the previous reaction, since it changes color from purple to yellow-brown if reacted with alkene under aqueous conditions. Balanced equation: C10H14O2 + KMnO4 + 2H2O gt; C10H16O4 Mechanism: 2 Table of reagents . |Compound |Mol Mass (g/mol) | |Dissolution of MCPBA in CH2Cl2 |solution was clear, MCPBA dissolved | |Dissolution of R-(-)-carvone in the solution |solution stayed clear | |1. 5 h after reaction |solution was cloudy white | Part B: Syn dihydroxylation and visualization using KMnO4 (on a TLC plate) |Important steps |Observations | |TLC after 15 min, dipped in KMnO4 solution |All spots turned yellow-brown | |TLC after 1 h, dipped in KMnO4 solution |All spots turned yellow-brown | |TLC after 1. h, dipped in KMnO4 solution |The starting material was almost consumed; | | |All the spots are yellow-brown | |Evaporate the solvent to concentrate the product |The liquid obtained was transparent yellow | 5 Results 6 TLC plate Table of Rf’s Compound |Rf Value | |R-(-)-carvone | | |MCPBA | | 7 Calculations Calculation of Rf’s For the Rf of Benzil Rf = (distance travelled by the compound from the origin)/(distance travelled by the solvent form the origin) = = 8 Flow diagram 9 Discussion Since in this part of the experiment, only a liquid product was obtained, the purity of the product can only be shown by TLC plate analysis. In part A, the TLC plate obtained after 1. 5 hours of the reaction showed that the reaction was not quite complete, however, another TLC was performed after 2 hours of the reaction, and the result showed the experiment was complete (no starting material remained). In part B, the TLC plates were dipped in the purple KMnO4 solution and all the spots on the plates turned yellow-brown, showing that the product contains double bond. This cannot be a proof that the reaction was not completed or the product was not pure, since the regioselectivity of the reaction favors the electron-rich double bond. The other double may left unreacted in the reaction with MCPBA, and could be reacting with MnO4-, causing the change in color. The final product obtained was a yellow liquid. A more desirable product should be transparent orange. The use of improper equipment constitutes a source of error. In the isolation part of the experiment, the product solution was heated in a water bath to evaporate the solvent. The container of solution was a beaker, the large opening may cause the water steam to cumulate on the inner walls and cause the dilution of liquid. As an improvement, an Erlenmeyer flask with smaller opening should be used instead. 10 Questions -Addition of Na2SO3 solution: allows SO3 ion reacting with the carboxylic acid byproduct to produce Cl ion, which will react with Na ion to form salt, and then be filtered out of the solution; -Addition of Na2CO3 solution: due o the low solubility of CO3 ion in water, it will form CO2 gas and leave the solution. Na ion will remain in the aqueous phase. -Addition of Brine (saturated NaCl): because brine is very saturated, when added to a solution, it will dissolve and become less saturated, thus dries the water. a) Mechanism: b) a trans-2-chlorocyclopentanol would be obtained, because Cl- performed backside attack reaction which changes the stereosturcture of the C-Cl bond formed.

Catalonia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Catalonia - Term Paper Example The climate of Catalonia varies depending on the location, such as the areas along the coast, the inland, up in the mountains, or within the valleys. In the provinces on the edge of the coast and part of inland Barcelona, the climate is subtropic with hot and dry summers of around 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and cold winters, though it gets colder the closer to the shore the province is. The rest of inland Catalonia is hotter in the summer than in other locations, reaching temperatures as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit, and cooler during the nights. In these regions, Catalonia gets the majority of its rainfall during spring and autumn. The valleys, however, with their oceanic climate, have their wettest season in summer, and often experiences freezing rain and subzero temperatures during the winter months. Throughout the year, snow is a common occurrence in the Pyrenees mountains. Catalonia’s flora and fauna is considered to be among the most incredible throughout Spain. Catalonia, Barcelona specifically, contains sixty unique parks, with a combined total of 140 different trees, including figs, cypresses, and cedars, which are common to the Mediterranean. Despite the wonders found in the parks of Barcelona, the mountains of Catalonia is where the majestic beauty of nature truly flourishes. â€Å"With beechwood and evergreen oak forests, extraordinary rock formations, glacial lakes and thousands of plant species, the Catalan Pyrenees are one of Europe’s greatest natural wonders (Shubert, 1992).† In the spring, the meadows of the Pyrenees are covered with pheasant’s eye narcissi, fritillaries, jasmine, trumpet gentians, and Pyrenean hyacinths. The autumn season is graced with red and gold Montpellier maples and downy oaks, and the meadows are then spotted with crocuses and purple merendera. Come winter, the Pyrenees is decorated with irises and orchids. Vall d’Aran displays these floral delights year round, and Augues Tortes is home to the lake of Sant Maurici and forests fit to burst with Scots pine and silver fur. Catalonia is considered to have â€Å"a greater diversity of wildlife than any other region of Spain (Williams, 1994).† In the Pyrenees, one can find the marmot, which is a large rodent, the goat-like isard, or wild boar as they sniff out truffles. Other present creatures include badgers, otters, and ibex. While they are difficult to find, many having just been reintroduced into the wild, Catalonia is also home to the Iberian lynx and various bears and wolves. In the mountains, the rivers and meadows are teeming with the Pyrenean brook salamander, the painted frog, asps, and a unique variety of dragonflies and butterflies, as well as the giant peacock moth, which is Europe’s largest insect. Located alongside the Mediterranean Sea, Catalonia has a variety of rivers and lakes that are fed from the sea. The main rivers that connect with the Mediterranean Sea are the Ebre, Llobregat, and t he Ter. There are two primary basins in Catalonia, Ebro and the main â€Å"one that comprises the internal basins of Catalonia (White & Aviva, 2010)†, all of which flow into the Mediterranean. There is also the Garona river basin that meets with the Atlantic Ocean, but it takes up an insignificant portion of land. Though there are small lakes spotted throughout Catalonia, the majority of them can be found in the Pyrenees, with the largest being Banyoles, a remnant of the ice age. Catalonia’s History Before Catalonia became the Catalonia we know today, it

Reading portfolio - summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading portfolio - summary - Essay Example Employees also believed that their output was recognized by the organization. The private sector gave the most positive feedback, with only one statement receiving weak support in the employees’ responses. For men, the cause of maximum concern was not having good work appreciated whereas for the female employees, it was the absence of a homely environment. The public and semi-government sectors showed generally weak support for numerous statements. Although the percentage of Emiratis employed in the private sector is very small, yet they paradoxically generally enjoyed maximum satisfaction in work. This research showed that the small Emirati workforce thrives on challenge, autonomy, and responsibility under supportive manager’s guidance. Management and researchers need to understand how to encourage more Emiratis to display enthusiasm toward the private sector. Although the sample used in the survey was too small for the results to be universally generalized, yet the Em iratis apparently have a good environment in the private

Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Architecture - Essay Example The basic architectural context constitutes of the external and internal circumstances that entail the setting for a statement, event or idea in the terms which it can be assessed and understood (Fritsch 11). From a utilitarian point of view, buildings are a product of the social political, religious and economic needs of a society and their attributes range from size, material and design are a reflection of the prevailing temporal and special environments. Throughout human history and contemporary times the architects have always responded to the climate and physical environment or cultural beliefs or intellectualism and popular ideologies. Therefore, modern designers are obligated to take careful consideration of the temporal context as they create new architectural designs because architects that disregard this concept ultimately risk making culturally irreverent and inferior designs. In this essay this position is primarily defended by and introspection of retrospective architect ural designs that have cemented their place in culture and history of their retrospective as well as some of the cultural factors that should be considered when architect are trying to design cultural strong and consistently relevant structures. A generic example of this is the pyramids of Giza and Memphis; their intricate geometrical design can be attributed to the prevailing temporal developments in mathematics since the ancient Egyptians were among the first people to develop a several mathematical concepts. That the pyramids are some of the vastest works or architecture bespeaks the fact that they had a lot of space in which to build them. Outside the silt rich Nile valley, and there was very little arable land therefore unlike other cultures; the Egyptians could afford to build on huge tracts without compromising grazing of farm (Barta 178). The pyramids despite their sheer size and potential for occupancy were never meant for the living but only the dead kings and their servan ts (also dead). From a western point of view, and this may have been seen as an extremely wasteful and impractical; however, to the Egyptians it was the natural thing to do based on the their deep seated beliefs in the divinity of their rulers and life after death. These structures are also a reflection of the economic prowess of the Egyptian civilization and they have been used just as the romans were to later use the coliseum to symbolize their power. The particular use of the Egyptian pyramids is based on the act that they embody many of the contextual dimensions that this paper shall base its arguments on in supporting the thesis. In a study dedicated to the â€Å"Ethno archaeological Study of Vernacular Architecture in Tigray, Ethiopia†, Diane Lyon examines the various temporal and special dimensions and considerations that inspire and construed indigenous and modern architecture in Ethiopia over the course of the last two centuries. This particular article is inclined t owards the temporal aspects of architecture as it seeks to investigate the cultural significance of architecture within the time in which it is restricted. By examining vernacular architecture described as an indigenous and none-elite domestic practice of construing domestic habitation, he intends to compare the social and political significance that came with specific architectural designs (Lyon 184). The Tigrayan rural houses were viewed both as political and local prerequisites which were instrumental and reflective of all social political and economic action throughout the spectrum. One of the themes in the Tigryan architecture than emerges prominently is the usage of wood specifically to decorate the interiors of houses more so the roofs of the traditional house made from mud

Professionalization With In Sports Coaching Physical Education Essay

Professionalization With In Sports Coaching Physical Education Essay According to Semotuik (1982) sport coaching goes back to the fourth century B.C to ancient Greece. It is evident that by the fifth century B.C coaching became more structured and organised, where the coaches were responsible in giving the athletes technical instruction, fitness and motivation leading up to festival participation (Semotuik, 1982).In ancient Greece sport coaching was recognised as a leading profession. At one point Greek maritime profession was criticised by the great philosopher Aristotle because it has been less well organised as a science compared to coaching athletes (Semotuik, 1982). In the days a coach was responsible in giving an athlete technique instructions, fitness and motivation to achieve excellence (Semotuik, 1982). This applies to modern day coaching, as Woodman, (1993) and Bompa, (1994) mentions that coaching is a process that aids athlete to achieve their peak performance in competition. However it is important to mention that modern day coaching has evolved into a more holistic approach where coaches consider the athlete as an emotional, cultural, political and a spiritual being (Cassidy et.al, 2004) compared to a more rigid approach where coaches were more fixed with the logic behind training that at some times they have neglected the well being of their athletes (Semotuik, 1982). Modern sport coaching began with the industrialisation and urbanisation that happened throughout UK in the 18th and 19th century and it can be divided to 3 main periods (Lyle, 2002). In the first period as McNab, (1990) points out coaching has developed from a more individual sport basis as coaching working class boxes and runners in the early 1800s through to the early coaches of largely team sports in public schools. Coaches of these team sports were teachers who were introduced to the team sports while they were at university (Lyle, 2002). In the second period participants were divided into amateurs and professionals. Amateurs were involved, for the love of the sport although competition was involved. The tension of amateurism and professionalism was spreading to clubs and NGBs in this time period. Although this conflict was evident throughout the world, due to the cultural background, amateurism was well highlighted in UK sport during this era (Lyle, 2002). Third period was the post war era. In this period most of the nations were egger to reinstall their national pride and used success in sport as a mean of achieving it (Lyle, 2002). Sport has been considered a way to entertain crowds in the ancient Greece (Semotuik, 1982). In the post war era it was used as a mean of showing the national identity in the international arena (Lyle, 2002) to modern day, though the recognition in the international arena is one of the key factors that is considered to thrive in sport, participation in sport has increased because, involvement in sport plays a major role in tackling obesity and psychological and physiological wellbeing of the nation (Sport Coach UK, 2008). UK Sport, (2001) has recognised the importance of coaching and recommended that the standards of coaching be elevated to those of a profession central to the development of sport and the fulfilment of individual potential. To achieve this UK coaching frame, (2006) was introduced and the goals were divided into 3 phases (building foundations 2006 2008, delivering the goals 2006 2012 and finally transforming the system 2006 2016) Sport Coach UK, (2008) sees professionalization process in sport coaching as a key element in the up-skilling of the coaching workforce and critical in the upkeep of the health of the nation and increase the degree and longevity of the participation in physical activity, as well as success when performing in the international arena. One of the strategic action areas identified by the UK Coaching Framework, (2006) is to recognise coaching as a professionally regulated vocation. Lyle, (2002) has identified the traits and characteristics of a sport coaching profession as having a professional education, a distinct and specialised body of knowledge, career structures and pathways, explicit ethical and value system, an independent professional membership body, professional practise and clarity and definition with their remit and role. Sport Coach UK, (2008) has used this as a base to improve the specific characteristics in the professionalization process. Coach education not only plays a major role in the process of professionalization but it is also mentioned that participants enjoy the sport and retention levels are high when participants are with a trained coach compared to a untrained coach (Tonsing, 2007). Mallett et al., (2009) places coach education in a continuum, formal coach education in one end of the spectrum and informal coach education in the other end and has placed non formal coach education in the middle of the continuum. Mallett et al., (2009) defines formal education as education with highly institutionalised, bureaucratic, syllabus driven and officially recognised with grades and qualifications. Non formal coaching education takes place when the coaches are either invited or on their own attend seminars, conferences and workshops to gain knowledge. In other words non formal education takes place when coaches attend willingly to structured courses not to gain qualifications but solely to widen their knowledge (Mallett et al., 2009). Evidence suggests that there is a greater impact in the learning process for coaches through informal education. Informal education can take place when the learner is in a practical environment and learns through their experience, trial and error (Mallett et al., 2009), working with more experienced coaches, reflection, and operating with a coaching community of practice (Roberts, 2010). Nash and Sproule, (2009) and Wright et al., (2007) points out how pre -coaching expe rience i.e. when coaches were competing as athletes act as informal coach education and help to develop expert coaches. For this reason although it is important to have a formal education as part of the professionalization process, by including non formal and informal education in the coach education programmes, maximum benefits can be harnessed in having effective coaches at all levels. Cushion et al., (2003) identifies coaching as highly complex and dynamic. Therefore Wright et al., (2007) points out the importance of incorporating a wide range of skills and knowledge in the formal education programmes. Since coaching is dynamic and complex, Gilbert and Trudel, (2004) argues that due to lack of broad formal training in highly planned environments in sports coaching compared to other professions such as teaching, coaches lack the knowledge of how they should frame their role. Primary function of a coach is to coordinate and integrate all of the coaching process (Lyle, 2002). Nash et al., (2008) mentions that the role that coaches fulfil is based on their experience, knowledge, values, opinions and beliefs but how the coaches frame their role and philosophy was not clear. Gilbert and Trudel, (2004) suggest that boundary components of a coachs role frame mainly includes whether the participants are recreational or competing and the age group of the participants. Lyle, (2002) further illustrates the importance of differentiating performance coaching from participation coaching because of the skills needed in both differs from one another. It is evident that a performance coach will need the skills and knowledge in all areas such as direct intervention, intervention support, Constraints management and strategic co-ordination however role of the participation coach is limited only to direct intervention and therefore does not need strategic and co-ordinating skills (Lyle, 2002). Also by differentiating the two, intra role conflicts can be avoided (Lyle, 2002). United Kingdom Coaching Certificate (UKCC) has acted upon these suggestions when structuring and delivering courses. National Governing Bodies such as Amateur Swimming Association has divided the courses in two different pathways, coaching and teaching aquatics. By doing this they intend to separate performance coaching from participation coaching and identify them as two separate carrier pathways. Although the level 1 is transferable throughout all the disciplines, teaching, coaching swimming, diving, synchronised swimming and water polo as the coach progresses towards higher levels course programmes are more specific to the roles. (ASA, 2010) Most of the coaching takes place for children between the ages of 6 to 16. This is a crucial time period because most of the social values and life skills such as fair play, respect for others, working with others, skill development, cooperation, decision making, leadership and moral development are some of the outcomes of participating in sports that provides a foundation for adult life. (McCallister et al., 2002). Therefore coaches have been encouraged to hold on to a coaching philosophy that not only values the brilliance in sport but also promotes athletes to develop as a balanced integrated individual as in general (Haney et al., 1998). It is important to highlight the coaches acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. As Lyle, (2002) elaborates how morality is a judgement based on right principles which can be effected by the roots in religious and moral philosophy and are guides to right or wrong behaviour. Sports Coach UK, (2005) lays out four key principles to reflect for good coaching practise, rights coaches must respect the rights of every individual to participate in sport, Relationships should base of openness, honesty, mutual trust and respect, responsibilities in personal standards coaches need to demonstrate proper personal behaviour, responsibilities in professional standards to minimise risks coaches should attain a high level of competence through qualifications and training that ensures safe and correct practise. Lyle, (2002), further discusses that ethics are a more sound set of principles formulated around behaviour in a particular activity. Therefore ethics studies focus more negative or inappropriate practise (Lyle, 2002). It is crucial to identify the values and ethics system if coaching is to recognise as a profession (Sports Coach UK, 2008). Lyle, (2002) identifies interpersonal relationships, power differentials, influencing outcomes or performance, social role and inappropriate goal setting as examples of ethical practise. Lyle, (2002) identifies professionalization of sport coaching not as an end result but as a process where it will be tested and compared to other professions throughout. Sports Coach UK, (2008) identifies some of the enablers and barriers to professionalization. Building on a culture of change where lot of funding through the national lottery. Also the establishment of UKCC can be seen as a huge enabler towards professionalising coaching. One of the commitment from UKCC to the National Governing Bodies is for the coach educators to have a minimum standard (Sports Coach UK, 2008). The 2012 factor can be seen as an enabler due to the fact that previously interest has been faded after a while but hosting the Olympic games will help to keep the interest within the government and the public (Sports Coach UK, 2008). Also coaching can be enhanced by the governments wider health policy where coaches work with other professions can be seen as an enabling factor along with having a professional body for coaching, championing the work of coaches and building on internal support from with the sports sector has been identified as enablers by Sports Coach UK, (2008). Sports Coach UK, (2008) points out some of the barriers that resists or slows down the professionalization process. Internal resistance from within sport is one of the main barriers that has been identified. Main reason for this is because of the culture and the unique history of the country. Within many sport organisations the ethos of mutual aid and volunteerism are core values also since the change is rapid, since most of the coaches are volunteers coach management systems and education schemes will be unsettling and problematic (Tayler, 2007). Also changes in government priorities can be seen as another key barrier towards professionalization. As Green, (2004) points out how the priorities has shifted within sport from mass participation in the mid 1990s to shifting priorities to raising the game at national level. Although it is evident that the in 2002 with the Game Plan publication, the focus has been widen to consider both aspects of participation and performance (Green, 2004). Although the alignment with 2012 Olympic games as being the target for the professionalization of the occupation, some of the changes that has happened throughout the years in changes in funding (Sport England, 2010) will make a impact to the process (Sports Coach UK, 2008). Transformation of a mainly volunteer based provision into one where most of the coaches are in fulltime paid work can be seen unrealistic, also Sports Coach UK, (2008) identifies fragmentation within the employment and deployment of coaches, lack of opportunities for employment and changes in the leisure and sport market can be viewed as barriers towards professionalization of sport coaching. In order to monitor and evaluate the process of professionalization in 2012 Sports Coach UK, (2008) has devised three scenarios gold, silver and bronze against the establishment of professional body, employment and deployment of coaches, establishment of coaching licence, development of market place for coaching services, establishment of high quality coach education and CPD and the perception of the coaching professional. Gold scenario is where all the characteristics have attained highest standards and bronze being the least achieved. Although it is good to evaluate the process since it is measured against 6 factors some of them can to high standard and some of them might achieve poor standards (Sports Coach UK, 2008). Although enablers towards professionalization is relatively strong due to the public interest because of the 2012 games and other enablers, the outcome of the scenario whether it is gold, silver or bronze will depend on how well the process can withstand the tensions of the governments changing policies and other barriers towards professionalization. Since most of the NGBs are with UKCC and some of the NGBs such as Amateur Swimming Association has already started licensing the existing work force it is evident that positive changes are taking place. When it comes to judging the progress in 2012 it will be important to consider who is going to judge the progress and what will be the progress beyond 2012 in attaining the worlds number one system. WORD COUNT 2320

Essay on Symbols and Symbolism in Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays

"He piled upon the whale's white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot heart's shell upon it." Such was Melville's description of Captain Ahab. The symbolism that this statement suggests, along with many other instances of symbolism, are incorporated into Moby Dick. Although the crew knew that Ahab was obsessed with vengeance and wasn't interested in killing Moby Dick for whale oil, they still felt obligated to follow his orders. They knew that the rule book said that if a captain went against his contract due to personal feelings, they were obliged to wrest command from him. This idea symbolizes the emotional attachment we have to those around us, and it also demonstrates the mixed feelings we have when somebody we respect does something evil. In the end, this emotional attachment destroyed the crew. Starbuck had a golden opportunity to kill Ahab, but for his own salvation, h e undermined the good of the crew and chose to let the Captain live. So, part of the lesson of Moby Dick is not to let sentiment and personal feelings get in the way of our duty. The lack of this lesson among the crew destroyed Ahab and the entire ship's compliment, except for Ishmael. When Captain Ahab stabbed at Moby Dick with the harpoon, he was symbolizing the power that obsession has when a person lets it take over one's mind. Ahab had no chance of killing Moby Dick, yet he engaged in his suicide plan to stab at the whale. This lesson not to let obsession take over your mind is similar to Javert's obsession with justice and imprisoning Valjean in Les Miserables. It shows that a passion with a personal vendetta will ultimately destroy a person, whether it destroys the person physically or mentally. Moby Dick also was a mixed symbol. It seemed clear to the crew of the Pequod that whales were evil and whales were the enemy. Yet, white is a symbol of good, so one could conclude that Moby Dick was a symbol of both good and evil. With Moby Dick killing Ahab, he gave Ahab his just reward from acting out of revenge, which could be interpreted as an act of good. When Moby Dick killed all but one of the crew, it showed that he may be evil, even though he was acting only out of instinct, thinking his life was threatened.

Different Leadership Theories on Premier Inn

Different Leadership Theories on Premier Inn The theories which are followed by the  Premier Inn  are now being described in the below: 1. Great Man Theories of Leadership in Premier Inn| This based on the conviction in  Premier Inn  that leaders are outstanding populace, instinctive with inborn qualities, destined to show the way. The make use of of the expression ‘man' was deliberate because until the concluding part of the 20th  century management was contemplation of as a thought that is primarily gentleman, martial and Western.This actually led to the after that school of Trait Theories which is discussed in the below:| 2. Trait Theories of leadership in Premier Inn| This is actually the lists of traits or qualities connected through management which survive in great quantity and continue to be produced is called trait theory. They draw on practically each and every one the adjectives in the lexicon which explain a number of positive or virtuous people characteri stic, from purpose to zest for life. | 3.Behaviorist Theories of leadership in Premier Inn| These actually think on what leaders in fact do somewhat than on their characters. These different patterns of behavior are now experiential and categorized as ‘the styles of leadership'. | 4. Situational Leadership in Premier Inn| This theory sees management as specific to the circumstances in which it is organism exercised. For example, at the same time as some situations may necessitate a tyrannical style, others may need a more participative advance. | 5.Contingency Theory of leadership in Premier Inn| This theory is a modification of the situational perspective and focuses on to the  Ã‚  identifying of the situational variables which best forecast the most suitable or efficient leadership style to fit the scrupulous conditions. | 6. Transactional Theory of leadership in Premier Inn| This theory emphasizes on the significances of the association between person in charge and follow ers, focusing on the communal benefits resultant from a form of agreement through which the leader delivers such things as plunders or acknowledgment in revisit for the promise or devotion of the followers. |

The Wright Brothers essays

The Wright Brothers essays For centuries, thousands of men sought after the dream of flight and never attained it. Figuring out how to fly, without killing yourself in the process, was an enormous task. Many intelligent men died in the process. However, after several years of reading and preparation, two men accomplished their dream. This is their story. Wilbur and Orville Wright, from a small city called Dayton, Ohio, invented the first airplane. The sure genius of the task was insurmountable to many people. Even more amazing, however, was the fact that the brothers who never attended college, had no rigorous education in science or engineering, and that dropped out of high school without even receiving a diploma, learned more by teaching themselves. They never drank and never smoked. They shared everything from a joint bank account to their experiments with flying machines....they were as inseparable as twins (Freedman 3). Although they were four years apart, they ended up becoming very close friends. One of their mutual interests was buying machines, just to take them apart, see how they worked, and put them back together again. They were always very good with their hands...and bubbling over with ideas (Freedman 3). One of their ideas was to open up a newspaper in Dayton. It was called the West Side News and published local stories. For about a year, the newspaper company made good money, but then bigger newspapers came to Dayton and ran the brothers out of business. But, the younger of the two brothers, Orville, had a new idea. A new invention, called the bicycle, had just been invented and was an enormous hit. Wilbur and Orville went right out and bought bikes. They also needed a new job, so they both decided to open a bicycle shop together. They called the store the Wright Cycle Company. The company began really small. The brothers rented bikes, sold bikes, and repaire...

12 Surprising Facts About Starfish

12 Surprising Facts About Starfish Starfish (or sea stars) are beautiful marine animals found in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes. All starfish resemble stars, and though the most common have only five arms, some of these animals can grow up to 40 arms. The amazing sea creatures- part of a group of animals known as echinoderms- travel using their tube feet. They can regenerate lost limbs, and they can swallow large prey using their unusual stomachs. Sea Stars Are Not Fish Carlos Agrazal/EyeEm/Getty Images Although sea stars live underwater and are commonly called starfish, they are not true fish. They do not have gills, scales, or fins like fish do. Sea stars also move quite differently from fish. While fish propel themselves with their tails, sea stars have tiny tube feet to help them move along. Because they are not classified as fish, scientists prefer to call starfish sea stars. Sea Stars Are Echinoderms Starfish and purple sea urchin. Kathi Moore/EyeEm/Getty Images Sea stars belong to the phylum Echinodermata. That means they are related to sand dollars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and  sea lilies. Overall, this phylum contains over 6,000 species. Many echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry, meaning their body parts are arranged around a central axis. Many sea stars have five-point radial symmetry because their body has five sections. This means that they do not have an obvious left and right half, only a top side and a bottom side. Echinoderms also usually have spines, which are less pronounced in sea stars than they are in other organisms such as  sea urchins. There Are Thousands of Sea Star Species Colorful sea star in the Galapagos. Ed Robinson/Getty Images There are about 2,000 species of sea stars. Some live in the intertidal zone,  while others live in the  deep water  of the ocean. While many species live in tropical areas, sea stars can also be found in cold areas- even the polar regions. Not All Sea Stars Have Five Arms Sun star with many arms. Joe Dovala/Getty Images While many people are most familiar with the five-armed species of sea stars, not all sea stars have just five arms. Some species have many more, such as the sun star, which can have up to 40 arms.   Sea Stars Can Regenerate Arms Sea star regenerating four arms. Daniela Dirscherl/Getty Images Amazingly, sea stars can regenerate lost arms, which  is useful if the sea star is injured by a predator. It can lose an arm, escape, and grow a new arm later. Sea stars house most of their vital organs in their arms. This means that some species can even regenerate an entirely new sea star from just one arm and a portion of the stars central disc. It wont happen too quickly, though. It takes about a year for an arm to grow back. Sea Stars Are Protected by Armor Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Acanthaster planci) on Coral Reef, Phi Phi Islands, Thailand. Borut Furlan/WaterFrame/Getty Images Depending on the species, a sea stars skin may feel leathery or slightly prickly. Sea stars have a tough covering on their upper side, which is made up of plates of calcium carbonate with tiny spines on their surface. A sea stars spines are used for protection from predators, which include birds, fish, and sea otters. One very spiny sea star is the aptly named crown-of-thorns starfish. Sea Stars Do Not Have Blood Closeup of the arms of a sea star under a pier, showing its tube feet. pfly/Flickr/CC BY-SA 2.0 Instead of blood, sea stars have a circulatory  system  made up  primarily of sea water. Seawater  is pumped into the animals  water vascular system  through its sieve plate. This is a sort of trap door called a  madreporite, which is often visible as a light-colored spot on the top of the  starfish. From the madreporite, the  sea water moves into the sea stars  tube feet, causing the arm to extend. Muscles within the tube feet are used to retract the limb. Sea Stars Move Using Their Tube Feet Tube Feet of Spiny Starfish. Borut Furlan/Getty Images Sea stars move using hundreds of tube feet, which are located on their underside. The tube feet are filled with sea water, which the sea star brings in through the madreporite on its top side. Sea stars can move quicker than you might expect. If you get a chance, visit a tide pool or aquarium and take a moment to watch a sea star moving around. It is one of the most amazing sights in the ocean. Tube feet also help the sea star hold its prey, including clams and mussels. Sea Stars Eat With Their Stomachs Inside-Out Karen Gowlett-Holmes/Getty Images Sea stars prey on bivalves like mussels and clams, as well as small fish, snails, and barnacles. If youve ever tried to pry the shell of a clam or mussel open, you know how difficult it is. However, sea stars  have a unique way of eating these creatures. A sea stars mouth is on its underside. When it catches its food, the sea star will wrap its arms around the animals shell and pull it open just slightly. Then it does something amazing. The sea star pushes its stomach through its mouth and into the bivalves shell. It then digests the animal and slides its stomach back into its own body. This unique feeding mechanism allows the sea star to eat larger prey than it would otherwise be able to fit into its tiny mouth. Sea Stars Have Eyes Common Sea Star (visible eye spots circled). Paul Kay/Getty Images Many people are surprised to learn that starfish have eyes. Its true. The eyes are there- just not in the place you would expect. Sea stars have an eye spot at the end of each arm. This means that a five-armed sea star has five eyes, while the 40-armed sun star has 40 eyes. Each sea star eye is very simple and looks like a red spot. It doesnt see much detail but it can sense light and dark, which is just enough for the environments the animals live in. All True Starfish Are in the Class Asteroidea Marcos Welsh/Design Pics/Getty Images Starfish belong to the animal class Asteroidea. These echinoderms all have several arms arranged around a central disk. Asteroidea is the classification for true stars. These animals are in a separate class from brittle stars and basket stars, which have a more defined separation between their arms and their central disk. Sea Stars Have Two Ways to Reproduce Doug Steakley/Getty Images Male and female sea stars are hard to tell apart because they look identical. While many animal species reproduce using only one method, sea stars are a little different. Sea stars can reproduce sexually. They do this by releasing sperm and eggs (called  gametes) into the water. The sperm fertilizes the gametes and produces swimming larvae, which eventually settle on the ocean floor, growing into adult sea stars. Sea stars can also reproduce asexually through regeneration, which is what happens when the animals lose an arm.